Rabu, 27 April 2011

artikel direct & indirect

 A Little Friend .

That was a bad day for our Mr. Lion King. During his chase to catch a rabbit he sprang into a small bush from where he came out not with the rabbit but with a large thorn in his palm.

He cried for help. He tried his best to pull out the thorn. He shook his hand, tried to pull out the thorn with his mouth etc. but all his efforts was in vain. The thorn began to smile at Mr. Lion.

Then he asked other animals for help. But they all feared the lion. So no animals came to help him.

At last the lion approached the clever fox. The king asked, “Can you pull out the thorn please. I am suffering very much with pain.”

The fox said, “I am not very expert in this task. But I have a little friend who is very expert in this work. I will surely ask him to help you. But I have some demands.”

“What are your demands?” asked the king.

“It is not just food or money Your Majesty! You should allow me to give you five kicks on your back!” the fox said.

The lion king asked with surprise and anger “Do you want to kick me? Don’t you know who I am?”

“I know! I know! But it is not my need to remove thorn from your palm. If you don’t want I am going. Good Bye” said the fox.

“Hey! Wait! Wait!” said the lion and he began to think for a moment “I am suffering with the pain of the thorn. It has to be pulled out. Let him kick me five times. I just want to remove the thorn. After taking the thorn I will eat up his little friend.”

The fox then began to kick the Lion King with his permission. One, two, three… like that. The fox called his little friend.

There comes a little porcupine. He pulled out the thorn with great ease. The pain in the palm of the lion was reduced. But his mind became filled with anger, grief and disappointment. What to say! He was very much disappointed in thinking how he can take revenge for the five kicks he got from the fox. How can he eat the porcupine with thousands of quills? At last he had to bow down before the great intelligence of the clever fox.

contoh direct and indirect

a) Command :

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once

b) Precept :

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

c) Request :

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

d) Entreaty :

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

e) Prohibition :

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there

Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.

penjelasan direct and indirect

Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung

Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :

Peraturan I

Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

Simple present – menjadi – Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came

Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech

Simple present

Present continuous

Present perfect

Present perfect continuous

Simple past

Past continuous

Future

Present
Indirect Speech

Simple past

Past continuous

Past perfect

Past perfect continuous

Past perfect

Past perfect continuous

Past

Past

Kekecualian :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech

this = ini

these = ini

come = datang

here = di sini, ke sini

hence = dari sini

hither = ke tempat ini

ago = yang lalu

now = sekarang

today = hari ini

tomorrow = besok

yesterday = kemarin

last night = tadi malam

next week = minggu depan

thus = begini

contoh :

He said, “I will come here”.
Indirect Speech

that = itu

those = itu

go = pergi

there = di sana, ke sana

thence = dari sana

thither = ke tempat itu

before = lebih dahulu

then = pada waktu itu

that day = hari itu

next day = hari berikutnya

the previous day = sehari sebelumnya

the previous night = semalam sebelumnya

the following week = minggu berikutnya

so = begitu

He said that he would go there

Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.

Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen

(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita

Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.

Reporting verb – Reported speech

Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.

Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)

2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct

He said to me, “Where are you going?”

He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect

He asked me where I was going

He inquired of me what I was doing

b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct

He said to me, “Are you going

away today?”

He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect

He asked me whether I was

going away that day.

He asked me if I could come along.

3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.

Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.

Senin, 07 Maret 2011

renungan untuk kita

Anakku ... saat aku tua nanti, aku berharap kamu mengerti dan bersabar menghadapiku ... saat tanpa sengaja memecahkan piring atau menumpahkan sup karena mataku yang sudah kabur ... aku harap kamu tidak menghardikku ... krn orang tua cenderung sensitif


aku spt mengasihani diriku sendiri saat engkau berteriak karena pendengaranku yang mulai buruk dan tidak mendengar apa yang kau katakan.... Aku harap engkau mau mengulanginya atau menuliskannya anakku


Aku semakin tua dan lututku semakin lemah. Aku harap kau bersabar untuk membimbingku, sama seperti saat kau kecil ketika engkau belajar berjalan .....


Pahamilah aku yang selalu merasa spt benda yang rusak ... aku berharap cobalah untuk mendengarkanku ... jgn mengolok-olokanku dan merasa muak mendengarkanku.Kamu ingat saat kamu kecil dan menginginkan balon? kamu terus merengek sampai kamu mendapatkannya. Juga pahamilah bau tubuhku sebagai orang yang sudah tua ... jangan paksa aku untuk segera membersihkan diri. Badanku lemah ... orang tua rentan sakit saat mereka kedinginan ... aku berharap engkau tidak merasa jijik....


Apakah kamu ingat waktu kamu kecil? aku harus mengejar ngejarmu karena kamu tidak mau mandi .... aku harap engkau juga bersabar seandainya aku menyusahkan karena ke-uzuranku. Kaupun akan merasakannya saat kau tua nanti.... Seandainya kamu punya waktu .. aku berharap engkau menyempatkan waktumu untuk berbincang bincang walau hanya beberapa menit karena tidak ada yang mengajakku berbicara. Aku sadar engkau orang yag sibuk dengan pekerjaanmu .... walaupun engkau tidak tertarik dengan ceritaku .. aku mohon sempatkanlah waktumu untukku ...


Apakah kau masih ingat saat kau kecil? aku selalu siap mendengarkan ceritamu tentang boneka teddy bearmu ... bila tiba masanya aku mulai sakit-sakitan dan harus berbaring di tempat tidur ... aku berharap engkau bersabar untuk merawatku ...


Maafkan bila aku tanpa sadar membasahi tempat tidur atau membuatnya berantakan ... sabarlah kau menghadapi di sisa sisa hidupku ... dan saat tiba datang kematianku ... aku berharap engkau genggam tanganku dan memberikan kekuatan kepadaku untuk menghadapi kematianku ...Jangan khawatir ... saat aku bertemu dengan penciptaku ... aku akan bisikkan ditelinganya bahwa engkau sangat mencintai dan peduli dengan ayah dan ibumu ...


Dengan segenap cinta Ayah dan ibu.

Jumat, 04 Maret 2011

artikel passive voice


Michael Not Joining Jackson 5 Reunion

It appears Jermaine Jackson spoke a little too soon. Yesterday, the elder Jackson brother told the Australian Associated Press that for the first since 1989, the Jackson 5, would reunite in 2009 for an album and tour -- and that Michael was in on the project. "This has been a long time coming for the Jackson family to get back together," he said. "What we've been doing is working on the music and all the logistics."
Oops, it appears someone didn't call their brother, because it turns out the King of Pop isn't in on the reunion after all -- and has a few other plans of his own.
"My brothers and sisters have my full love and support, and we've certainly shared many great experiences, but at this time I have no plans to record or tour with them," Michael said . "I am now in the studio developing new and exciting projects that I look forward to sharing with my fans in concert soon."
The prospect of a partial Jackson 5 reunion is still exciting, although we're a bit disappointed that Michael won't be involved. Hey Jermaine: We know of a couple of songs that might help convince him..

Active and Passive Sentence


Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya..

Contoh active voice :

  • She buys a book.
  • They played football.
  • He brings some books.
  • We fertilize the soil every 6 months.
  • He meets them everyday.

Contoh passive voice :

  • A book is bought by her
  • Football was played by them
  • Some book are brought by him
  • The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months.
  • They are met by him everyday.

Kamis, 24 Februari 2011

artikel adverbial clause

The Golden Egg

Haria, a poor barber lived alone in his small hut. He was dedicated to his work. And whatever he earns was enough to fulfill his needs.

One evening, after returning from work, Haria was hungry. “What shall I cook tonight?” he thought. Just then he heard a hen clucking outside his hut. “That hen would make a great feast for me,” thought Haria and prepared to catch the hen.

With a little effort he was able to catch the hen. As he was about to kill the hen, it squeaked, “Please do not kill me, O kind man! I will help you.” Haria stopped. Though he was surprised that the hen spoke, he asked, “How can you help me?”

“If you spare my life, I will lay a golden egg everyday for you,” said the hen. Haria’s eyes got widened in delight. Haria was surprised to hear this promise. “A golden egg! That too everyday! But why should I believe you? You might be lying,” said Haria. “If I do not lay a golden egg tomorrow, you can kill me,” said the hen. After this promise, Haria spared the hen and waited for the next day.

The next morning, Haria found a golden egg lying outside his hut and the hen sitting beside it. “It is true! You really can lay a golden egg!” exclaimed Haria with great delight. He did not reveal this incident to any one, fearing that others would catch the hen.
From that day onwards, the hen would lay a golden egg everyday. In return, Haria took good care of the hen. Very soon, Haria became rich.

But he became greedy. He thought, “If I cut open the hen’s stomach, I can get out all the golden eggs at once. I do not have to wait for the hen to lay the golden eggs one by one.”

That night, he brought the hen to the interior portion of his house and killed the hen. But to his dismay, he found no golden eggs. Not even one.

“What have I done? My greed had made me kill the hen,” he wailed. But it was too late.